John R. Conrad

John Conrad

Visiting Professor of Physics

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For more than three decades, John Conrad has been researching and teaching plasma physics across the country. Before joining Furman's physics department, Conrad was named the Wisconsin Distinguished Professor of Engineering Physics Emeritus at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. His early research focused on thermonuclear fusion plasma physics before shifting to the application of plasma physics technology to surface modification of materials. His patented process, Plasma Source Ion Implantation (PSII) is now being applied to automotive and aerospace components, sub-micron semiconductor fabrication, industrial cutting tools and dies, and orthopedic prostheses.

In 1989, in recognition of his contributions to the state's economy, Conrad was conferred as a Wisconsin Distinguished Professor by the University of Wisconsin Board of Regents. In 1997, Conrad and collaborators at Los Alamos National Laboratory and General Motors Research Laboratory received an R&D 100 Award "for the development of PSII for Enhancing Materials Surfaces." This award is granted by R&D Magazine in recognition of "one of the 100 most technologically significant new products of the year." In 1998, Conrad received the Merit Award of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society "for his invention and leadership in the development of Plasma Source Ion Implantation." In addition to his publications in physics and engineering, Conrad has authored award-winning early childhood educational software, and is a regular contributor to the New York Times crossword column.

Honors

  • Wisconsin Distinguished Professor awarded by the University of Wisconsin Board of Regents (1989)
  • R&D100 Award for the Development of PSII for Enhancing Materials Surfaces (1997)
  • Merit Award of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Enginers Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society for invention and leadership in the development of Plasma Source Ion Implantation (1998)

Education

  • Ph.D., Physics, Dartmouth College
  • B.S., Physics, St. Mary's University

Publications

BOOK CHAPTER

  • "Handbook of Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation and Deposition" Andre Anders (editor), Wiley Interscience division of John Wiley & Sons, New York, September 2000, Introduction chapter by John R. Conrad.
  • PATENTS
  • J. R. Conrad, "Method and Apparatus for Plasma Source Ion Implantation", U.S. Patent No. 4,764,394, August 16, 1988.
  • R. P. Fetherston, M. Shamim Malik, J. R. Conrad, "Method for Plasma Source Ion Implantation and Deposition for Cylindrical Surfaces", US Patent No. 5,693,376, December 2, 1997.
  • R. P. Fetherston, M. Shamim Malik, J. R. Conrad, "Apparatus for Plasma Source Ion Implantation and Deposition for Cylindrical Surfaces", US Patent No. 5,988,103, November 23, 1999.;
  • Journal Articles
    J.E. Walsh, J. R. Conrad, and C.J. Diaz, "The Line Shape of Stable Electrostatic Fluctuations in a Beam-Plasma System," Phys. Fluids 16, 716-718 (1973).
  • J. R. Conrad, C.J. Diaz, and J.E. Walsh, "Observation of the Beam-Plasma Interac¬tion Below Threshold," Phys. Fluids 16, 1300-1306 (1973).
  • J. R. Conrad, J.E. Walsh, C.J. Diaz and K.B. Freese, "Production of Fast Electrons in the Beam-Plasma Interaction," Phys. Rev. Lett. 30, 827-829 (1973).
  • C.J. Diaz, J.E. Walsh, and J. R. Conrad, "Spectrum of Electrostatic Field Fluctuations in a Bounded Beam-Plasma System," Phys. Fluids 16, 2211-2217 (1973).
  • C.J. Diaz, J. R. Conrad, and J.E. Walsh, "Scattering in a Stable Beam Plasma System," Phys. Fluids 16, 2218-2223 (1973).
  • J. R. Conrad, J.S. Levine, and J.E. Walsh, "Nonresonant Plasma Heating by a Single Mode, Beam Plasma Instability," Phys. Fluids 17, 2144-2146 (1974).
  • J. R. Conrad, "Ion Emission from Beam-Plasma Ion Sources," J. Appl. Physics 47, 4859-4862 (1976).
  • J. R. Conrad, "Optimum Discharge Parameters for Beam-Plasma Ion Sources," J. Appl. Phys. 49, 1283 (1978).
  • J. R. Conrad, "Neutral Beam Divergence Due to Imperfect Magnetic Shielding," J. Appl. Phys. 49, 3656-3661 (1978).
  • J. R. Conrad, "Beam Steering by Aperture Displacement in Ion Sources with Large Acceleration-Deceleration Ratio," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 418-424 (1980).
  • J. R. Conrad, S.F. Horne, D.R. Pirkle, R.P. Torti, "Filament Chucks for Multi-Filament Ion Sources," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 144-145 (1980).
  • J. R. Conrad, "Enhanced Neutral Beam Divergence Due to Imperfect Magnetic Shielding," J. Appl. Phys. 51, 2957-1980 (1980).
  • J. R. Conrad, "Ion Beamlet Steering by Aperture Displacement in Two-Stage Accelerators," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 51, 1316-1317 (1980).
  • J. R. Conrad, S.F. Horne, D.R. Pirkle, R.A. Moyer, and L.S. Peranich, "Experimental Measurement of Increased Neutral Beam Divergence Due to a Transverse Magnetic Field," J. Appl. Phys. 51, 3456-3458 (1980).
  • H.M. Persing, J. R. Conrad, S.F. Horne, and D.R. Pirkle, "Fabrication of Spiral Filaments for Multifilament Ion Sources," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 53, 374-375 (1982).
  • D.A. Brouchous and J. R. Conrad, "Fabrication of Extractor Grids for Neutral Beam Sources," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 53, 1182-1184 (1982).
  • D.R.. Pirkle and J. R. Conrad, "Gas Flow Measurements of a Novel Geometry for Neutral Beam Neutralizers," J. Vac. Sci. and Technol. A3, 2018-2027 (1985).
  • M.G. Rosing and J. R. Conrad, "Discharge Properties and Ion Extraction Characteristics of a Beam-Plasma Ion source," J. Appl. Phys. 57, 816-818 (1985).
  • R.A. Breun, D.A. Brouchous, J. R. Conrad, L. Peranich, H. Persing, and S. Ross, "Neutral Density Effects in the End Cells of the Phaedrus Tandem Mirror," J. Vac. Sci. Technology A5, 265 (1987).
  • J. R. Conrad, "Sheath Thickness and Potential Profiles of Ion Matrix Sheaths for Cylindrical and Spherical Electrodes," J. Appl. Phys. 62, 777 (1987).
  • J. R. Conrad, J. L. Radtke, R. A. Dodd, F. J. Worzala, "Plasma Source Ion Implantation Technique for Surface Modification of Materials", J. Appl. Phys. 62, 4591 (1987).
  • J. R. Conrad, R. A. Dodd, F. J. Worzala, X. Qiu, "Plasma Source Ion Implantation--A New, Cost-Effective, Non-Line-of-Sight Technique for Ion Implantation of Materials", Surface and Coatings Technology 36, 927 (1988).
  • J. R. Conrad, S. Baumann, R. Fleming, and G. P. Meeker, "Plasma Source Ion Implantation Dose Uniformity of a 2x2 Array of Spherical Targets", J. Appl. Phys. 65, 1707 (1989).
  • K. Sridharan, A. M. Redsten, F. J. Worzala, R. A. Dodd, and J. R. Conrad, "A Technique for Determination of Microhardness Profiles in Thin Surface Diffusion Layers", Thin Solid Films 175, L153 (1989).
  • M. Madapura, J. R. Conrad, F. J. Worzala, R. A. Dodd, F. C. Prenger, and J. A. Barclay, "Surface Modification of Monel K-500 by Plasma Source Ion Implantation", Surface and Coatings Technology 39/40, 587 (1989).
  • F. J. Worzala, R. A. Dodd, J. R. Conrad, and J. L. Radtke, "Ion Implantation of Tools: Curiosity or Commercial Process?", Heat Treating, August, p. 89 (1989).
  • R. S. Post, D. K. Smith and J. R. Conrad, "New R&D Methods for Diamond Films and Ion Implantation", R&D Magazine, October, p. 106 (1989).
  • J. R. Conrad, "Plasma Source Ion Implantation-A New Approach to Ion-Beam Modification of Materials, Mat. Sci. & Eng. 116, 197-203 (1989).
  • J. R. Conrad, R. A. Dodd, S. Han, M. Madapura, J. T. Scheuer and F. J. Worzala, "Manufacturing Aspects of Plasma Source Ion Implantation," Production and Engineering Digest 41 (1989), p. 65.
  • J. T. Scheuer, M. Shamim, and J. R. Conrad, "Model of Plasma Source Ion Implantation in Planar, Cylindrical, and Spherical Geometries", J. Appl. Phys. 67, 1241 (1990).
  • M. Madapura, R.A. Dodd, J.R. Conrad, D. Plantz, and F.J. Worzala, "Structure and Property Correlation of Plasma Source Ion Implanted Layers in Monel K-500 Alloy", J. Vac. Sci. Technol. , A8, 2169, (1990).
  • X. Qiu, J.R. Conrad, R.A. Dodd, and F.J. Worzala, " Plasma Source Nitrogen Ion Implantation of Ti-6Al-4V", Metallurgical Transactions A, 1663, (1990).
  • K. Sridharan, J.R. Conrad, F.J. Worzala, and R.A. Dodd, "Elevated Temperature Nitrogen Ion Implantation of Incoloy Alloys 908 and 909 Using the Plasma Source Ion Implantation Process", Materials Sci. and Engr., A128, 259, (1990).
  • J.R. Conrad, R.A. Dodd, S. Han, M. Madapura, J. Scheuer, K. Sridharan, "Ion Beam Assisted Coating and Surface Modification with Plasma Source Ion Implantation", J. Vac. Sci. Technol., A, 3146, (1990).
  • S.. H. Han, G. L. Kulcinski, J. R. Conrad, "Computer Simulation of Ion Beam Mixing", Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. B45, 701 (1990).
  • A. Chen, X. Qiu, J. R. Conrad, R. A. Dodd, and F. J. Worzala, "Wear Modeling for Nitrogen-Im¬planted Ti-6Al-4V", J. Material Engr., 12: 299-304, (1990).
  • K. Sridharan, K.C. Walter, and J.R. Conrad, "Ion Beam Enhanced Deposition of Titanium Nitride on INCONEL 718", Mat. Res. Bull. 26, 367-373 (1991).
  • M. Shamim, J. T. Scheuer, and J. R. Conrad, "Measurements of Spatial and Temporal Sheath Evolution for Spherical and Cylindrical Geometries in Plasma Source Ion Implantation", J. Appl. Phys. 69, 2904-2908 (1991).
  • A. Chen, J.T. Scheuer, C. Ritter, R. B. Alexander, and J. R. Conrad, "Comparison Between Conventional and Plasma Source Ion-implanted Femoral Knee Components"; Journal of Applied Physics, 70 (11), 6757-6760 (1991).
  • M. Shamim, J. T. Scheuer, R. P. Fetherston, and J. R. Conrad, "Measurement of electron emission due to energetic ion bombardment in plasma source ion implantation", Journal of Applied Physics 70 (9) pp. 4756-4759 (1991).
  • A. M. Redsten, K. Sridharan, F. J. Worzala, and J. R. Conrad, "Nitrogen Plasma Source Ion Implantation of AISI S1 Tool Steel", Journal of Materials Processing Technology 30, 253 (1992).
  • X. Qiu, R. A. Dodd, J. R. Conrad, and F. J. Worzala, "Microstructural Study of Nitrogen-Implanted Ti-6Al-4V Alloy", Nuc. Instr. and Meth. B59/60, pp. 951-956 (1991).
  • A. Chen, K. Sridharan, J. R. Conrad, and R. P. Fetherston,"Surface Modification of Ti-6Al-4V Surgical Alloy by Plasma Source Ion Implantation"; Journal of Surface and Coatings Technology 50, 1-4 (1991).
  • L. Xie, F.J. Worzala, J.R. Conrad, R.A. Dodd and K. Sridharan,"Influence of Temperature on Nitrogen Ion Implantation of Incoloy Alloys 908 and 909"; Materials Science and Engineering, A139, pp. 179-184 (1991)
  • K. Sridharan, J. R. Conrad, R. A. Dodd, and F. J. Worzala, "Carbon Ion Implantation of Pure Iron"; Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 26, pp. 1037-1042 (1992).
  • D.E. Muller, K.C. Walter, K. Sridharan, J.R. Conrad and S. Agarwal, "Use of Nitrogen Implanted Chromium Overcoat for Improving the Durability of Thin Film Magnetic Media"; Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 1(4), 489 (1992).
  • J. Chen, J. Blanchard, J. R. Conrad and R. A. Dodd, "Structure and Wear Properties of Carbon Implanted 304 Stainless steel Using Plasma Source Ion Implantation"; Surface and Coatings Technology, 53, pp 267-275 (1992).
  • M. B. Abuzriba, R. A. Dodd, F. J. Worzala, and J.R. Conrad, "Wear Corrosion: Separation of the Components of Corrosion and Wear", J. Corrosion, 48, No. 1, pp 2-4 (1992).
  • K. Sridharan, J.R. Conrad, R.A. Dodd and F.J. Worzala, "Carbon Ion Implantation of Pure Iron," Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 26 (p. 1037) 1992.
  • A. Chen, J. Blanchard, and J. R. Conrad, "Wear Improvement Evaluation of Non-homogeneous Surface Modified Materials"; Wear, 160, pp. 105-110 (1993).
  • J. Chen and J. R. Conrad, "Dose and Dose Rate Effects on the Structure of Methane Plasma Source Ion Implanted and Coated 304 Stainless Steel"; Journal of Surface and Coatings Technology, A161, 97-103 (1993).
  • S.M. Malik, R.P. Fetherston, K. Sridharan and J.R. Conrad, "Sheath Dynamics and Dose Analysis for Planar Targets in Plasma Source Ion Implantation"; Plasma Sources-Science and Technology, 2, pp. 81-85 (1993).
  • A. Chen, J. Blanchard, J. R. Conrad, R. P. Fetherston and X. Qiu, "A study of the relationship between wear rate and nitrogen concentration profile and application to plasma source ion implanted Ti-6Al-4V alloy"; Wear, 165, 97-101 (1993).
  • B. Y. Tang, R. P. Fetherston, M. Shamim, R. A. Breun, A. Chen, and J. R. Conrad, "Measurement of Ion Species Ratio in the Plasma Source Ion Implantation Process"; J. Appl. Phys. 73 (9) May 1993, pp. 4176-4180.
  • P. W. Sandstrom, K. Sridharan and J. R. Conrad, "A Machine for Fretting Wear Testing of Plasma Surface Modified Materials"; Wear 166, 163-168 (1993).
  • J.R. Conrad, K. Sridharan, M.M. Shamim, R.P. Fetherston, A. Chen, A.A. Elmoursi, A.H. Hamdi, G.W. Malaczynski, J.V. Mantese, C.E. Speck, Q. Xiahong, R.J. Faehl, M. Nastasi, W.A. Reass, D.J. Rej, J.T. Scheuer and B.P. Wood, "Plasma Source Ion Implantation: An Environmentally Acceptable Alternative to Wet Chemical Plating"; J. of Environmentally Conscious Design & Manufacturing 2, pp.61-66 (1993).
  • A. Chen, J. Blanchard, J. R. Conrad, R.A. Dodd, P. Fetherston and F. J. Worzala, "A Study of Nitrogen Ion Implantation at High Temperature", J. Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol. 1 (6) Dec. 1992, pp. 845-847.
  • J. Chen, J. R. Conrad, and R. A. Dodd, "Structure and Properties of Amorphous Diamond-Like Carbon Films Produced by Ion Beam Assisted Plasma Deposition", J. of Materials Engineering and Performance, Vol. 2(6) pp. 839-842, (December, 1993).
  • M.A. Otooni, A. Graf, G. Colombo, J.R. Conrad, K. Sridharan, M.M. Shamim, R.P. Fetherston, and A. Chen, "Application of Coatings for EM Gun Technology. Materials Research Society 316, p. 577 (1993).
  • D.J. Rej, B.P. Wood, R.J. Faehl, R.J. Gribble, L. Henins, W.R. Reass, J. Blanchard, J.R. Conrad, M. Shamim, K. Sridharan, "First Experiments from Los Alamos Ion Implantation Experiment"; Materials Research Society 316, p. 577 (1993).
  • A. Chen, J. Firmiss, J.R. Conrad, "Dose Analysis of Nitrogen Plasma Source Ion Implantation Treatment of Titanium Alloys"; J. of Vacuum Science and Technology B12(2), pp. 918-922, (Mar./Apr. 1994).
  • D.L. Chapek, J.R. Conrad, R.J. Matyi and S.B. Felch, "Structural Characterization of Plasma -Doped Silicon by High Resolution X-ray Diffraction"; J. of Vacuum Science and Technology, B12(2), pp. 951-955, (Mar./Apr. 1994).
  • S.M. Malik, K. Sridharan, R.P. Fetherston, A. Chen and J.R. Conrad, "An Overview of Plasma Source Ion Implantation at University of Wisconsin-Madison"; J. of Vacuum Science and Technology, B12(2), pp. 843-849, (Mar./Apr. 1994).
  • M. J. Goeckner, Shamim M. Malik, J. R. Conrad, R. A. Breun, "Laser-Induced Fluorescence Measurement of the Dynamics of a Pulsed Planar Sheath", J. Plasma Physics 1(4), pp 1064-1074, (April, 1994).
  • K. C. Walter, R. P. Fetherston, K. Sridharan, A. Chen, M. M. Shamim, J. R. Conrad, "Sputter-Deposition of Tantalum-Nitride Films on Copper Using an RF-Plasma", Materials Research Bulletin, Vol. 29, pp 827-832 (1994).
  • K.C. Walter, R.A. Dodd, J. R. Conrad, "Corrosion Behavior of Nitrogen-Implanted Aluminum," Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B106, p. 522-526 (1995).
  • N.C. Horswill, K. Sridharan, J. R. Conrad, "A Fretting Wear Study of a Nitrogen-Implanted Titanium Alloy", J. Matls. Sci. Lett. 14, pp. 1349-1351 (1995).
  • S. M. Malik, D. E. Muller, K. Sridharan, R. P. Fetherston, and J. R. Conrad, "Distribution of Incident Ions and Retained Dose Analysis for a Wedge-Shaped Target in Plasma Source Ion Implantation," J. Appl. Phys. 77, 1015 (Feb. 1995).
  • Carter P. Munson, R. J. Faehl, I. Henins, M. A. Nastasi, W. A. Reass, D. J. Rej, J. T. Scheuer, K. C. Walter, B. P. Wood, A. A. Elmoursi, A. H. Hamdi, G. W. Malaczynski, J. V. Mantese, X. Qiu, J. P. Blanchard, J. R. Conrad, P. M. Fetherston, A. Chen, M. M. Shamim, K. Sridharan, "Recent Advances in Plasma Source Ion Implantation", to be published in Surface Coatings and Engineering.
  • R. Shivpuri, Y. L. Chu, K. Venkatesan, J. R. Conrad, K. Sridharan, M. Shamim, R. P. Fetherston, "An Evaluation of Metallic Coatings for Erosive Wear Resistance in Die Casting Operations", Wear 192, 49 (1996).
  • A. Chen, X. Qiu, K. Sridharan, W.. G. Horne, R.A. Dodd, A. H. Hamdi, A. A. Elmoursi, G. W. Malaczynski, and J. R. Conrad, accepted for publication in Surface Coatings and Technology.
  • Shamim M. Malik, R. P. Fetherston and J. R. Conrad, "Development of an Energetic Ion-Assisted Mixing and Deposition Process for TiNx and Diamond-Like Carbon Films, Using Co-Axial Geometry in Plasma Source Ion Implantation," J. Vac. Sci. and Technol. A 15(6) 2875 (1997).
  • A. Chen, X. Qiu, K. Sridharan, W. G. Horne, R.a. Dodd, A.H. Hamdi, A.A. Elmoursi, G.W. Malacznski, and J. R. Conrad, "Chromium Plating Pollution Source Reduction by Plasma Source Ion Implantation," Surface Coatings and Technology 82 (p. 305) 1996.
  • REVIEWED SUMMARIES
  • J. R. Conrad, C.J. Diaz and J.E. Walsh, "Experimental Observations of the Non-Linear Beam Plasma Interactions," Int. Congress on Waves and Instabilities in Plasma, Innsbruck, Paper N2 (1973).
  • J.E. Walsh, J. R. Conrad, and C.J. Diaz, "Relation Between Electron Scattering and the Spectral Distribution of Longitudinal Oscillations in Bounded Magnetized Beam-Plasma Systems," Int. Congress on Waves and Instabilities in Plasma, Paper N1, Innsbruck (1973).
  • J. R. Conrad, F.D. Popa, M.G. Rosing, "Initial Extraction from the Wisconsin Beam-Plasma Ion source," Conf. Proc. 1979 IEEE Int'l Conf. on Plasma Science, Paper 251, p. 65, Montreal (June 1979).
  • J. R. Conrad, R.N. Dexter, C.M. Fortgang, R.A. Moyer, L.S. Peranich, J Sprott, J.D. Barter, "High Power Heating on the Wisconsin Levitated Octupole," Conf. Record, 1981 IEEE Int'l Conf. on Plasma Science (May 1981).
  • J. R. Conrad, D.R. Pirkle, "Design of Pumped Neutralizers for Neutral Beams Using Monte Carlo Methods," (invited paper) Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc. 43, 398 (1982).
  • J. R. Conrad, R.A. Breun, D.A. Brouchous, S.F. Horne, L. Peranich, H. Persing, and D.R. Pirkle, "Neutral Beam Injection on the Phaedrus Tandem Mirror Experiment," Conf. Record 1982 IEEE Int'l. conf. on Plasma Science, San Diego, CA, 5R2, 129 (1983).
  • J. R. Conrad, R.A. Breun, D.A. Brouchous, G. Butz, S.F. Horne, L. Peranich, H. Persing, D.R. Pirkle, S. Ross, "Neutral Beam Injection on the Phaedrus Tandem Mirror Experiment," Conf. Record, 1984 IEEE Int'l. Conf. on Plasma Science, 1P2, 13 (May, 1984).
  • J. R. Conrad and C. Forest, "Plasma Source Ion Implantation," Conf. Record, 1986 IEEE Int. Conf. on Plasma Science, Saskatoon, Canada, 2D7, 28 (May, 1986).
  • R. Breun, J. Radtke, G. Butz, D. Brouchous, J. Conrad, L. Peranich, H. Persing, "Trapping and Pumping of Ions in the Thermal Barrier Region of Phaedrus-B, A Tandem Mirror," Conf. Record, 1986 IEEE Int. Conf. on Plasma Science, Saskatoon, Canada, 5B4, 85 (May, 1986).
  • J. R. Conrad and T. Castagna, "Plasma Source Ion Implantation," Conf. Record, 39th Annual Gaseous Electronics Conf., Madison, WI, FA-5, 75 (October 7-10, 1986).
  • J. R. Conrad, J. L. Radtke, "Sheath Physics and Materials Science Results From Recent Plasma Source Ion Implantation Experiments", Conf. Record, 1987 IEEE Int. Conf. on Plasma Science, Arlington, Virginia, paper 6Y7, p. 124 (June 1-3, 1987).
  • H. Persing, R. P. Majeski, R. A. Breun, D. A. Brouchous, and J. R. Conrad, "ICRF Plugging and Radial Transport on the Phaedrus-B Tandem Mirror", 1988 IEEE Int. Conf. on Plasma Science, Bellevue, Washington, (June 6-8, 1988).
  • M. W. Kissick, J. P. Blanchard, J. D. Callen, J. R. Conrad, S. Malik, K. Sridharan, "Comprehensive Modeling of Plasma Source Ion Implantation," IEEE Int. Conf. on Plasma Science, Madison, WI (June 5-8, 1995).
  • N. Horswill, W. Jetzer, P. Fetherston, J. R. Conrad, "Comparison of Transition Metal Nitride Coatings Produced Using Two Plasma-Based Deposition Techniques," IEEE Int. Conf on Plasma Science, Madison, WI (June 5-8, 1995).
  • P. J. Marko, R. P. Fetherston, J. R. Conrad, "Plasma Source Ion Implantation of Magnesium Alloys," IEEE Int. Conf. on Plasma Science, Madison, WI (June 5-8, 1995).
  • D.E. Mueller, J. R. Conrad, "Deposition of Diamond-like Carbon (DLC) Films using Hydrocarbon Plasmas," IEEE Int. Conf. on Plasma Science, Madison, WI (June 5-8, 1995).
  • Kumar Sridaran and J. R. Conrad, "Results of Industrial Field Testing of Plasma-Treated Targets", IEEE Int. Conf. on Plasma Science, Madison, WI (June 5-8, 1995).
  • REPORTS
  • B. Badger et al., TETR -- A Tokamak Engineering Test Reactor to Qualify Materi¬als and Blanket Components for Early DT Fusion Power Reactors," UWFDM-191, (Dec. 1977).
  • L.D. Stewart, and J. R. Conrad, "Beam Steering and Spreading by Neutralizer Stray Fields," PPPL Report.

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